Biology

Unit 1: Biochemistry
Students examine the chemical processes and molecules that support life.
Lessons include:

• Biological Molecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids)
• Enzymes and Metabolic Reactions
• Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
• pH, Buffers, and Molecular Interactions
• Water and its Biological Importance

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes
This unit focuses on the energy transformations within living organisms.
Lessons include:

• Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
• ATP Production and Mitochondrial Function
• Chloroplast Function and Light Reactions
• Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation
• Cellular Energy in Organisms

Unit 3: Molecular Genetics
Students investigate the structure and function of DNA and how it guides heredity.
Lessons include:

• DNA Structure and Replication
• RNA and Protein Synthesis
• Gene Expression and Regulation
• Mutations and Genetic Disorders
• Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Unit 4: Homeostasis
This unit examines how organisms maintain internal balance.
Lessons include:

• Nervous and Endocrine Systems
• Feedback Mechanisms and Regulation
• Thermoregulation, Osmoregulation, and Excretion
• Blood Sugar and Hormonal Control
• Human Homeostatic Failures

Unit 5: Evolution and Population Dynamics
Students explore the principles of evolution and how populations change over time.
Lessons include:

• Natural Selection and Speciation
• Genetic Drift and Gene Flow
• Evidence for Evolution (Fossils, DNA, Anatomy)
• Hardy-Weinberg Principle
• Population Growth and Ecological Interactions

• 70% of the final grade is based on coursework, including:
  • Lab investigations and virtual simulations
  • Case studies and scientific reports
  • Quizzes and application-based problem solving
  • Data analysis and inquiry tasks
• 30% of the final grade is based on final evaluations:
  • 10% Independent scientific investigation or research project
  • 20% Final written exam assessing conceptual and analytical understanding

All assessments follow Ontario curriculum standards and are designed to develop students’ scientific literacy, lab skills, and readiness for postsecondary studies in the life sciences.